Paper Families Identity, Immigration Administration, and Chinese Exclusion (Politics, History, and Culture).png

Paper Families : Identity, Immigration Administration, and Chinese Exclusion

 

1882年的“排華法案”使中國成為第一個被正式排除在美國之外的移民群體。在紙質家庭中，Estelle T. Lau展示了排斥對美國華人社區的影響，並開啟了美國限制性的發展。

通過執行“排除法”和隨後的立法，美國移民局開發了新的記錄保存和識別方法。與此同時，華裔美國人利用了該系統的漏洞：美國公民的子女獲准自動移民資格。結果是一個精心製作的“紙家庭”系統，其中美國華裔公民聲稱虛構或“紙上”的孩子可以將他們的親屬身份作為進入美國的基礎。這種詭計需要創建“嬰兒”、概述家譜、提供村莊地圖和其他可在移民處理過程中使用的信息。這些文件以及移民案件檔案、立法材料、訪談和法庭訴訟記錄，Lau將移民視為一個互動過程。中國移民及其美國家庭受到監管和監督，但他們也操縱和挫敗了這些規定，迫使美國政府調整其做法和政策。Lau指出，排斥行為和反應中出現的偽家庭結構對華裔美國人的身份產生了持久的影響。

她最後看了一下排除的遺產，包括20世紀60年代的懺悔計劃，該計劃強迫人們洩露紙質家庭成員的名字以及美國華人社區為恢復他們失去的家族歷史而做出的努力。

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 made the Chinese the first immigrant group officially excluded from the United States. In Paper Families, Estelle T. Lau demonstrates how exclusion affected Chinese American communities and initiated the development of restrictive U.S.
immigration policies and practices. Through the enforcement of the Exclusion Act and subsequent legislation, the U.S. immigration service developed new forms of record keeping and identification practices.
Meanwhile, Chinese Americans took advantage of the system's loophole: children of U.S. citizens were granted automatic eligibility for immigration. The result was an elaborate system of "paper families," in which U.S.
citizens of Chinese descent claimed fictive, or "paper," children who could then use their kinship status as a basis for entry into the United States. This subterfuge necessitated the creation of "crib sheets" outlining genealogies and providing village maps and other information that could be used during immigration processing.Drawing on these documents as well as immigration case files, legislative materials, and transcripts of interviews and court proceedings, Lau reveals immigration as an interactive process.

Chinese immigrants and their U.S.families were subject to regulation and surveillance, but they also manipulated and thwarted those regulations, forcing the U.S. government to adapt its practices and policies. Lau points out that the Exclusion Acts and the pseudo-familial structures that emerged in response have had lasting effects on Chinese American identity.

She concludes with a look at exclusion's legacy, including the Confession Program of the 1960s that coerced people into divulging the names of paper family members and efforts made by Chinese American communities to recover their lost family histories.

  Estelle T. Lau (Autor)

Publisher:Duke University Press Books 

ISBN:    978-0822337355 

原價   US 79.95 台幣價 NT$2800 

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    Paper Families Identity Immigration Administration Chinese Exclusion Politics History Culture China USA Social discrimination & inequa Migration immigration & emigration Ethnic studies Immigration law 政治 文化 歷史 中國 美國 移民政策
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